Evaluation Of A Program Evaluation Essay - 1412 Words

PROGRAM EVALUATION In order to determine the effectiveness of the program and the level of participant satisfaction, Kingsley Manor will collect and analyze data with the aim of answering the following questions: (1) Will an onsite wellness program increase the wellness and health related uality of life for older adults with Diabetes Mellitus Type II? (2) What participant specific characteristics predict increased or decreased benefit from participation in a wellness program? (3) Do older adults with Diabetes Mellitus Type II perceive changes in function, health, wellness or quality of life related to participation in a wellness program? (4) How satisfied are older adults with Diabetes Mellitus Type II with a wellness program that incorporates educational and exercise sessions? This study will use the following Operational definitions: 1. Older adult: person aged 65 or older 2. Diabetes Mellitus Type II (DMT2): a chronic disease due to progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance diagnosed by A1C or plasma glucose criteria (ADA, 2015) 3. Wellness: â€Å"an active, lifelong process of becoming aware of choices and making decisions toward a more balanced and fulfilling life; wellness involves choices about our lives and our priorities that determine our lifestyles† (as defined by ASU, n.d.) 4. Health: â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (as defined by WHO, 1946) 5.Show MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation994 Words   |  4 PagesProgram Evaluation Time-Out is the title for the proposed program, providing prevention and solution-based services to African American high school student-athletes in Hampton, Virginia (Baskerville, 2015). To begin with, this paper will provide a comprehensive program evaluation model for the program. Secondly, it will outline the evaluation framework the program will use to evaluate the program. Next, the paper will provide a timeline detailing when critical evolution task for the program willRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation1262 Words   |  6 Pageswould evaluate your program relative to each of the components. Linnan and Steckler (2002) describe the following key process evaluation components: Context-aspects of the larger social environment that may affect implementation; Reach-the proportion of the intended audience to whom the program is actually delivered; Dose-delivered-The amount of intended units of each program component that is delivered; Dose-received-the extent to which participants engage with the program; Fidelity-the extentRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation1017 Words   |  5 PagesA Program Evaluation is an important factor in determining if an agency is producing successful results. Usually a program evaluation is requested or brought forth by a specific concern that is in need of being addressed. This type of practice-based research method provides agencies with accountability. Sometimes a program evaluation is needed in order for some agencies to continue to receive funding to keep their programs, to meet accreditation standards, and to ensure clients are be ing helpedRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation1182 Words   |  5 Pagesto Mertens and Wilson, program evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness and efficiency. Stakeholders often want to know whether the programs they are funding and supporting are effective. While program evaluation first focuses on the effectiveness of the program, other important factors to take into consideration is cost of the program, improvements that couldRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation1300 Words   |  6 Pagesyou would evaluate your Program relative to each of the components Linnan and Steckler (2002) describe the following key process evaluation components: Context-aspects of the larger social environment that may affect implementation; Reach-the proportion of the intended audience to whom the program is actually delivered; Dose-delivered-The amount of intended units of each program component that is delivered; Dose-received-the extent to which participants engage with the program; Fidelity-the extentRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation1227 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction The purpose of a program evaluation is to assess working programs and determine if the outcomes are sufficiently effective (Houser, 2015). Program Evaluations are a type of action research leading to improved programs and services for the designated populations. Feedback from stakeholders is necessary to confirm the program is operating to the highest quality and standards (Astramovich Coker, 2007). The program conducted serves adult military personnel who are diagnosed with PostRead MoreEvaluation Of The Article Program Evaluation Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The article Program Evaluation: Strategies to Facilitate Agencies’ Use of Evaluation in Program Management and Policy Making discusses the United States Government Accountability Office attempting to view how various federal agencies utilize program evaluations The Government Accountability Office (GOA) â€Å"examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policyRead MoreEvaluation Of The Training Program791 Words   |  4 PagesREMARKS With this training program, we have for several years produced effective GTAs for our undergraduate classes, both in small classroom discussions and in chemistry laboratory instruction. The program evaluations provided overwhelmingly favorable feedback (see Fig.1). Within the six major training categories evaluated, three categories had no negative evaluations. The other three groups provided 97% favorable or neutral evaluations, with a maximum of 3% for poor evaluations. Surpassing our initialRead MoreProgram Evaluation Paper806 Words   |  4 PagesJones, M. O. (2015). Program evaluation of alternative schools in North Carolina: a companion dissertation (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, 2013). Journal of Organizational Educational Leadership, 1(1), 4th ser., 1-27 The North Carolina and South Carolina State Department of Education both agreed and passed legislation that created services for alternative education. The focuses of each of these programs were to modify behavior, meet student academic needs, and reduce recidivismRead MoreEvaluation Of A Student Program1330 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual case conference to determine if the needs of that individual student have suggestions for school wide interventions or programs. If the student is having problems academically or behaviorally, the PPT closely examines that student’s case to see if the school can change to better this student. As described by the school psychologist, RTI is a three-tier program that mainly focuses on prevention. The school concentrate on prevention by ensuring the school is using appropriate and evidence

Use of Animals for Research - 1382 Words

The tension between animal rights and medical/cosmetic research is an extreme issue in today’s society. Every day millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked inside cold, barren cages in laboratories across the country. They languish in pain, ache with loneliness, and long to roam free and use their minds, but all they can do is sit and wait in fear of the next terrifying, painful procedure that will be performed on them next. Animal Research is a very well known act and has been around for some time. Most of the advancements in the 20th century are because of animals. Many of the products we use each day from medicines to household products are tested generally on animals. Many people around the world think animal research is the right thing to do because of the benefits humans may receive from it. Humans often benefit from successful animal research, although, the pain, the suffering, and the deaths of animals are not worth the possibl e human benefits. Animals and people are alike in many ways; they feel, think, behave, and experience pain. Animal testing is by far the most heartless act anyone could preform; it is inhumane; there are other alternatives and results are not necessarily reliable. Every year in the U.S., over 25 million animals are used in biomedical experimentation, product testing and cosmetic testing. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported in 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments whileShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Use of Animal Research 1431 Words   |  6 PagesHow will animal research tell us the outcomes of the human body? How can we live longer and healthier lives with the use of animals? Do animals have a link to the human body that we are able to prove that trying new drugs or new cosmetics will be a benefit for us? I disagree. I believe we test on animals to figure out what are the possible outcomes for humans; however, the use of animals is cruel and unnecessary because they do not have a similar body system as humans do. We use at least a millionsRead MoreThe Use Of Animals For Research Testing Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagescreate a better outline of what outweighs the other. With hundreds of topics to solve, there was one that stood out, animal testing. The use of animals for research testing is an issue that has been debated whether or not it is acceptable or not. Within this questionable topic, our main focus is on the researchers, animals, users, and environment. Terms that you may associate with animal testing would vary greatly, but there are some that can be used as an example such as testing, experiment, abuse,Read MoreThe Use Of Scientific Research On Animals998 Words   |  4 PagesIn medical research animals are used as ‘models’ for human disease by artificially inducing selected symptoms intended to resemble human illnesses. (vier-pfoten.org) However, a disease is more than simply a collection of symptoms, and so the human disease itself and its underlying biology can neve r be fully replicated in an animal model. The use of scientific research on animals can be cruel and inhumane to the well-being of animals. All the research and animals they get are very expensive to payRead MoreEssay on Use of Animals in Biomedical Research2232 Words   |  9 Pages The issue of human morality has always been widely controversial and vitally important; it is our anchor that we use to define the humane yet we cannot agree on its dimensions. Morality seems to be all that separates us from the unfeeling universe, which is filled with morally horific natural laws such as survival of the fittest. Or, at least, such callous impartiality seems unjust to our modern societies. Behind the screens of prosperity and enlightentment we have the luxory of moral scrutinyRead MoreShould We Use Animals For Medical Research?1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of animals in medical research has been a trend for decades. Animals have been an integral part in scientific experiments. They have also proved to be a trustworthy and effective model in the experimentation process, which is how many medicines and treatments for diseases were developed. Most life threatening diseases are now curable because of successful animal experiments. Moreover, not only human beings, bu t also animals benefit from these experiments. Although there are several usefulRead MoreThe Ethics of Animal Use in Biomedical Research Essay1865 Words   |  8 Pagesout of philosophical circle, animals have traditionally been seen as significantly different from, and inferior to, humans because they lacked a certain intangible quality – reason, moral agency, or consciousness – that made them moral agents. Recently however, society has patently begun to move beyond this strong anthropocentric notion and has begun to reach for a more adequate set of moral categories for guiding, assessing and constraining our treatment of other animals. As a growing proportionRead MoreEssay on The Use of Non-Human Animals in Psychological Research574 Words   |  3 PagesThe Use of Non-Human Animals in Psychological Research Animals used in research have proved to be an important factor for the uses of medicine, for example Flemming found the use of penicillin was an effective antibiotic when it was used on mice. Since 1822, legislation has limited how scientists use animals. In the UK, the use of animals in psychological investigations has been constrained by ethical and moral guidelines. Current UK legislation in the Animals ScientificRead MoreShould We Use Animals For Medical Research Over The Recent Centuries?969 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are countless animals disappearing around us every day which means they can’t enjoy the sunshine tomorrow. These animals are unlucky that they don’t have control over their own lives. Nowadays, at different corners of the world, various chemicals with hidden danger are being injected into the animals’ body. They are being tested in lots of areas. Mostly being tested for whether a new drug is effective or not. We human call this phenomenon as medical research with animals and it is expressedRead MoreThe Use Of Animals For Research Developments Have Been A Part Of Scientific History1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of animals for research developments have been a part of scientific history from the days of Aristotle and Erasistratus who experimented with animals. (Scutti, 2013) These earlier researchers conducted experiments to be tter understand the anatomy of living things and was not until the twelfth century when an Arab physician reinvented the idea of animal research when suggesting using animals as a way to test surgical procedures before using on humans. (Scutti, 2013) Animals have had a longRead MoreAnimal Research : Unethical But Beneficial1191 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Research: Unethical but Beneficial Animals have provided us with different advantages such as food, shelter, clothing and many more domestic uses. Honestly, humans shouldn’t be able to survive without animals. One of the most important advantages of animals is that they are being used in research in order to test new medicines and effects of medicines on different diseases. Testing new medicines on animals to save human life is unavoidable because testing on animals warns us in advance about

Othello and O Free Essays

Othello and â€Å"O† The movie â€Å"O† by Tim Blake Nelson is based on Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Othello. They both have many differences as well as similarities. The same trap is laid for the main character in both versions and the same amount of casualties happens in both final scenes. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello and O or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nelson sets his story in modern time prep school, and his characters are not the adults of Shakespeare’s play. Shakespeare Othello is set in the 16th century while Nelsons â€Å"O† is set I the 20th century. In Othello, the setting is in 16th century Cyprus during a war with the Turkish Empire. The language used in respectful and nice compared to â€Å"O†. Brabantio calls Othello to the summit and questions him what sorcery he has used to take his daughter Desdemona away from him. Desdemona denies the fact that Othello used any sorcery and says that there love is true and that she left her father for her husband and he left his family for her mother. In this play Desdemona is married to Othello. Iago’s reasons of jealousy are that Othello promoted Cassio to Lieutenant instead of him and that there’s a well-known rumor that Othello has slept with his where the truth hasn’t been brought to light. Nobody is aware of neither Iago’s nor Rodrigo’s intentions. Othello has epilepsy and Iago doesn’t help until Cassio walks in. Desdemona is slapped by Othello and no one can believe that the well-known respected general would do such a thing. Othello makes Iago his blood brother and Iago tells him to kill Desdemona and he will kill Cassio for him. But Iago Sends Rodrigo instead of doing it himself to kill Cassio but fails wring and Rodrigo gets injured and runs away than Iago comes and stabs Cassio in the leg then goes and kills Rodrigo. When Othello kills Desdemona, Emilia comes in and see’s that Desdemona is dead and Othello confessed to his crime so Emilia cries out murder where everyone came in including Iago where he starts to argue with Emilia and tells her to be quite but she doesn’t listen and then he tells her to go home but she doesn’t go therefore disrupting him and then she tells the truth about the handkerchief so stabs and kills her and then runs away. When Othello realizes what he has done he stabs himself and lays on her and kisses her in the lips as he dies. In â€Å"O†, the setting is in the modern-era prep school where instead of a war being fought it’s a series of basketball games. In this movie foul disrespectful language is used compared to Othello. Iago feels that his father Duke loves Oden more than he loves him so he tries so hard to win his father’s love from Oden. When Brandy calls Oden to the main office he accuses Oden of forcing Desy and then accuses him of using drugs again because of his skin color. Then Duke calls for Desy and she tells her father that they been together a few months before he even found out and that it’s none of his business. Oden gets injured during a game while in Othello he doesn’t. Desy is more aware of Iago and Oden beats up Rodger because he is aware of Rodger. Oden is so jealous and angry that he attacks Hugo and then storms out the court. Instead of Oden having epilepsy he takes cocaine instead. The scene on Othello where Othello slaps Desdemona is different in the fact that instead Oden after he takes cocaine and is hyped up he enters the court for the slam-dunk contest and breaks the backboard which everyone one loves at first until he breaks the backboard completely and takes off the rim slams it and disrespects a kid and pushes him off to the side where the whole audience, crowd was shocked because they couldn’t believe what they seen. Instead of using a knife, Rodger shoots Hugo in the leg and then Hugo gets frustrated and kills Rodger and tries to make it look like and accident then Brandy came and Hugo asked for her help to call the cops but she got scared and ran away. Hugo instead of stabbing Emily he shoots her and runs away. When oden realizes what he has done and knows everything he shoots himself in the deck of the house and lay’s on the couch away from Desy. In both the play and the movies Iago and Hugo are fueled by jealousy. The same trap is set in place for the characters and the same amount of deaths happen in the end of the movie/play. In both Emalia/Emily steal the scarf for Iago/Hugo which leads them to having sexual intercourse. Both Desdemona/Desy believe they have misplaced the scarf given to them by Othello/Oden. In both the play and the movie Iago/Hugo is very envious of Othello/Hugo because everyone respects and admires him. Othello is the only black person in the play and so is Oden in the movie. Othello/Oden promotes/chooses Cassio/Mike instead of Iago/Hugo. In both plays Iago/Hugo build hatred/jealousy against Iago/Hugo which starts the whole plot of both the movie and play. Iago/Hugo betrays Othello/oden and does not care who gets hurt in the process of destroying Othello/Hugo. Iago/Hugo does not do everything alone he is helped out by Rodrigo/Rodger which in both the play and the movie is secretly in love with Desdemona/Desy. Iago/Hugo and Rodrigo/Rodger make Othello/Oden believe Desdemona/Desy has been cheating on im with Cassio/Mike. When Iago/Hugo kills Emilia/Emily he runs away but is later caught by other men and when Othello/Oden asks Iago/Hugo why has he done all of this to him and Iago/Oden replies that he doesn’t need to know and from now on he will not say another word. After Othello/Oden realize t=what they have done he kills himself. Both the play Othello by Shakespeare and â€Å"O† by Blake nelson are wonderful and have a great story line that c atches the viewers’ attention. They both have a tragic story and a very sad ending with high body counts. Both the play and movie have everyday problem and issues that still happen even today that proves Shakespeare is a very intelligent man. It’s a sad thing that these problems were around for many centuries and still exist today. Since the movie was based on the play they are very similar except that the movie is set in a modern time period. They both are very great and I recommend them both. How to cite Othello and O, Essay examples

Breast feeding Essay Example For Students

Breast feeding Essay ?Breast FeedingTeaching Plan?Teaching PlanAssessment:Subjective Information: Mother is considering breast feeding as an option, but is unsure of methods and benefits in comparison to bottle feeding. Is unsure about herself and whether or not she will be able to perform necessary tasks required to breast feed successfully. Objective Information:Mother is 34 weeks pregnant, 20 years old, gravida one, para zero, previous smoker who quit after learning of pregnancy at two months. She works part time at a church and baby-sits occasionally, while attending college classes as a full time student. Clients Readiness and Ability to Learn:Mother is a high school graduate and also attended technical school where she learned to be a surgical technician. She is currently enrolled in more college classes and is hoping to further her education and become a Registered Nurse. Physical status is good, but mother is a little exhausted. Emotional status is that she is very ready for baby and excited about its arrival. Is ready for pregnancy to be over. Nursing Diagnosis1. Risk for ineffective breastfeeding related to anxiety and inexperience with breast feeding as evidenced by client showing signs of anxiety and stating that she is unsure about herself and her capability to performthe necessary tasks that are needed to be successful in breast feeding. Planning1. Learning ObjectivesA. Client will learn benefits of breast feeding as compared to bottle feeding. B. Client will learn different positions for breast feeding that may make the process easier for her. C. Client will learn proper methods for successful breast feeding. D. Client will be more sure of herself and be able to make the decisionof whether or not to breast feed, based on newly learned information. 2. Outline of Learning Content:1. Assess clients exposure to and knowledge about breast feeding, including any misinformation she may have previously acquired. Allow time for question and answer session about any concerns she may have. 2. Demonstrate to client various breast feeding positions and allow her to practice and try them using a life-like doll. Assist her, possibly withthe use of pillows, and help her to accomplish the individual positions. Continue with this until she is comfortable in performing all of thepositions, and has found at least one that she thinks will work well for her and is confident in executing. 3. Show client how to initiate her babys rooting reflex. Also show her the proper way for her baby to grasp her nipple and nurse successfully.inform the client of the consequences if this is not done successfully (ex.breast pain and insufficient amount of milk to the infant). 4. Advise client of feeding schedule for the new baby that is most beneficial for both the child and the mother. 5. Demonstrate for client the proper way to remove infant from the breast and advise her that this will prevent any pain or trauma to the nipple. 6. Tell client process of beginning feeding on next beast once first one isemptied. Instruct client to begin the next feeding on the breast that is opposite of the one she used to finish the last feeding. (This one should now be full and noticeably firmer than the other breast.)7. Provide instructions about proper nipple care (no soap, lanolin to prevent drying and cracking). 8. Instruct client importance of wearing a well fitting bra at all times as this may prevent a lot of pain and discomfort, and therefore probableunsuccessful breast feeding. Teaching Methods:1. Lecture2. Hands on learning using the doll3. Instructive and illustrated pamphlets about the importance of and processof breast feeding. .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c , .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .postImageUrl , .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c , .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c:hover , .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c:visited , .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c:active { border:0!important; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c:active , .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u462d492e6391d336acb85b9588c09b4c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Communism In The American Education System EssayMethod of Evaluation to be Used:1. Return demonstration from client demonstrating various positions and techniques. 2. Client will be able to verbally express the importance and benefits of breast feeding. 3. Client will be able to make a knowledgeable decision of whether or not tobreast feed. Implementing1. Teaching will occur in the privacy of the clients own home, as she has notyet went into labor. This is where the client states that she is most comfortable. 2. This teaching will take approximately one to one and a half hours to complete. Only one teaching session will be necessary. 3. The clients sister will be present to assist the client and provide support. The sister previously breast fed her children and

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The Tiger essays

The Tiger essays A Modern Twist to a Classic Fairy Tale Throughout history, the fairy tale Beauty and the Beast has been ever changing. The Tigers Bride by Angela Carter is a modern version with a few distinct trademarks. It is authentic in nature because of the period in which it was written. The Tigers Bride was published in 1979, centuries after the original version of Beauty and the Beast. Carter chose to write the short story from Beautys point-of-view in order to exemplify her own feministic ideals. In addition, the heroin, Beauty has evolved from a passive, loyal, and submissive young lady into a confident and stubborn woman who freely expresses her anger toward men. From the changing of times to the changes in Beautys attributes, The Tigers Bride is entirely unique. In the late 70s, women had minds of their own and their futures were not restricted to serving their husbands. Angela Carters writing was influenced by womens newfound poise. This was a period in which women ventured out of the kitchens in search of prominent job titles. These women were not willing to sit back and wait for the men to bring home all of the glory. They also were not afraid to stand up for themselves. It is obvious that Carter believed that women should not take every authority figures word as the law. She felt they should be free to express their ideas in all situations. Carter specifically demonstrates this through Beautys unwillingness to do what the English nurse asks of her. I was a wild wee thing and she could not tame me into submission. Beginning when Beauty was young, even the nurse could not scare her into good behavior. She never took anyones wishes except her own into account. Individuality and womens rights were also extremely important during this time. Women could act however their hearts desired. Their futur...

Rain and Humidity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rain and Humidity - Assignment Example Answer: As the saturation vapor pressure varies directly with temperature, the relative humidity varies inversely with temperature. If no water vapor were added to or removed from unsaturated air, the relative humidity increase as the temperature drops and decreases as the temperature rises. That’s why the air temperature usually rises from a minimum during sunrise to a maximum during early to mid-afternoon on a clear calm day. Question 7. Why does the amount of precipitable water vary with the mean temperature of the troposphere? Answer: The average precipitable water decreases with latitude in response to the pole ward decline in the mean air temperature because evaporation and precipitable water are lower in cold regions. Precipitable water varies from 4.0 cm in the humid tropics to less than 0.5 cm at the Polar Regions. When troposphere in middle and high latitudes is warmest during summer, the amounts of precipitable water are highest. Question 9. Why are clouds and precipitation more likely on the windward slopes of a mountain range than the leeward slopes? Answer: Air that is forced to ascend the windward slopes expands and cools which increases its relative humidity. On sufficient cooling, saturation is achieved and clouds and precipitation develop.... Question 10. What is the significance of a rain shadow for agriculture? Answer: A rain shadow with semi-arid to arid conditions is considered to be the boundary between dry land and rain-fed agriculture. This climate contrast affects the indigenous plant and animal communities, domestic water supply, demand for irrigation water, types of crops that can be grown, and requirements for human shelter. Chapter 6, Critical Thinking Questions Question 2. How and why does the moisture content of the top soil affect the maximum air temperature in the lower troposphere? Answer: Solar radiation heats up the ground surface that transfers heat and moisture from top soil to the atmosphere. This heat and moisture transfer between earth’s surface and the atmosphere occurs by sensible heating (conduction and convection). The heated air has much more capacity to hold moisture content than cooler air. The release or absorption of latent heat affects temperature in the lower troposphere. The asce nding humid air currents also expand and cool influencing the surrounding ambient air temperature. The evaporated moisture content from top soils also adds to the green house effect by trapping more infrared radiation. Question 3. In late autumn or early winter, cold air flows on northwest winds from snow-covered ground across the ice-free waters of Lake Superior. Describe the changes in temperature, vapor pressure, and stability of the cold air as it flows over the lake. Answer: In late autumn or early winter, the ice free waters of Lake Superior are warmer compared to the cold air masses flowing from the North West. When this cold air passes over the lake, the lower levels of the atmosphere take up excessive moisture and heat. The

Escherichia coli ESBL positive and its interaction with the human Dissertation

Escherichia coli ESBL positive and its interaction with the human urothelial cells - Dissertation Example The gene encoding the antibiotic resistance is found on plasmids, transposons, and inserted in genes in bacteria all over the world and in multiple species. Although much research has been conducted to characterize the microbial enzyme biochemically, PCR analysis remains the â€Å"gold standard (4, 5, 6).† E. coli isolates from the environment are generally succeptible to beta-lactam antibiotics because of the absence of a strong promoter sequence for the expression of the gene for Beta-Lactamase. However, extensive use of antibiotics and the spread of genetic elements among the bacteria have resulted in development of Beta-lactam resistant strains. Consequently, Beta-lactam resistant strains of E. coli have been isolated from hospitals and clinics around the world (7, 8, 9). Klebsiella is a member of the Enterobacteria that is a small, non-motile rod, and the bacterium is often associated with urinary tract infections. Klebsiella is capable of nonaerobic metabolism and is fou nd in water and soil, in addition to the mammalian intestinal and urinary tracts. Klebsiella possesses the enzyme nitrogenase, and is capable of nitrogen fixation under nonaerobic conditions, but the bacterium loses this capability under the aerobic environment in mammalian intestinal and urinary tracts (1, 10, 11, 12). Aims and Objectives The binding of E.coli to urothelial cells is mediated by pili via the FIMH protein. The receptor for the binding has been elucidated to be uroplakin 1a in mouse cells (13). Mutation of key residues in FIMH attenuates binging of E.coli to the FIMH urinary receptor and consequently reduces colonization of the bacteria in the bladder. The binding is mediated by mannose residues and relies on a key pocket in the FIMH protein (14, 15). Isolates of E. coli from a septic lamb were utilized to characterize the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2, and it was discovered that this protein enters effected epithelial cells and targets Rho protein, which subseq uently reorganizes actin filaments into stress fibers in the effected host cells (16, 17, 18). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been utilized to treat many epidermal conditions in humans. These include skin cancer, acne, skin rejuvination, hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, disseminated actinic porokeratosis, localized scleroderma, and vulval lichen sclerosis. Other applications include anal and vulvar carcinoma, palliation of metastatic breast cancer to skin, Barrett’s esophagus, and retinal macular degeneration (19, 20, 21). PDT is characterized by the application of moderate light (50mW/s) for a moderate amount of time (15 minutes) to the infected area which creates a photosensitization period followed by a destruction period. PDT application results in a 5 to 6 log decrease in infectious, antiobiotic resistant bacteria by destruction of amino acids and polylysine tracts present in bacterial proteins, as well as the creation of destructive reacti ve oxygen species (22, 23, 24). It is proposed in this work that PDT be utilized to irradiate E. coli and Klebsiella beta-lactamase positive bacteria from cultures of human urothelial cells. Materials and Methods Human urothelial ce

MENTAL STATUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MENTAL STATUS - Essay Example The MSE is a systematic collection of data gathered from a patient while the patient is in full view of the psychiatrist in order to detect signs and symptoms of a mental disorder. It is structured like an interview or an informal inquiry to put the patient at ease in order to be able to obtain good answers to both closed and open-ended questions. It can be supplemented with a structured written test to further test the patients mental capacity and cognition. All the data that can be gathered will be recorded under specific headings known as standard domains. In psychiatry, domains are the specific classifications of a mental state characterized by the following factors which clinicians use to analyze a mental patient: appearance, attitude, mood & affect, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight and judgment. All these domains are observed in the patient to fully determine the mental status. The other domains include behavior or activity, speech and language (Gehlert & Browne, 2006, p. 215). The MSE tries to elicit a patients perspective and also incorporates the observations made by the clinician. Domains indicate a specific mental function (Frankel & Myatt, 2003, p. 28). Awareness of a mental patients cultural background can help to establish rapport and trust right at the outset of the interview process. This is because cultural factors can influence the outcome and results of the data-gathering exercise so it is important clinicians know about a patients specific culture. For example, some cultures can emphasize the avoidance of any eye contact for prolonged periods of time which may be misinterpreted by the psychiatrist if he is not aware of a patients cultural background (Hersen & Turner, 2003, p. 22). A patients culture may also consider avoiding eye contact as a sign of deference to a higher authority and so people got accustomed to not looking a person straight in the eye which in

Analysis Of Aircraft Maintenance

Analysis Of Aircraft Maintenance As everyone knows, nowadays aircraft has become the most important transportation for everything. But the most important is people who are travelling with aircraft. The lives of the people on the aircraft are important. Each and every airlines in this world today, are trying to convince people that they are the safest airliner, but the main question is, are they really safe as what they mentioned? Aircraft maintenance activities are generally divided into two categories, which are, working on-aircraft and working off-aircraft. Working on-aircraft is when the technician or the engineer has to troubleshoot, repaired, overhauled and changing parts. While working off-aircraft is when there is any parts on the aircraft been removed and need to be checked separately from the aircraft, for example aircraft battery check, which needs to be removed and taken to battery shop in order to continue inspection or charging. Normally, every approved maintenance organization must have store department that use to receive and issue every parts, component and appliances. For that reason, this store department must comply with storage regulations as stated in approved maintenance organization requirements such as EASA Part 145.A.42 and CAA CAP 562 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Information and Procedures (CAAIP) recommendations. Aircraft is not like other transportations, everything parts that being installed on the aircraft must be genuine, neither like car, it can use a fake parts in order to safe cost. But aircraft is nothing close to that. If fake or bogus parts are being used on the aircraft, every person lives on that aircraft are in jeopardy. But today, the news of civil aviation authority and aircraft manufacturers are working hard tracking down and eliminate counterfeit parts as well as tracing aircraft parts which are lacks of documentation are all over the world. In this assignment a research, analyse, and critically evaluate of maintenance practices in a civil commercial aircraft environment, concerning the use and control of genuine and non-genuine (bogus) spare parts for aircraft use will be carried out. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS These terms and definition is taken from FAA unapproved parts investigation in accordance with the source from FAA (2011) and M. Mohamad (2003). BOGUS PARTS: Describe several parts categories, ranging from properly manufactured parts lacking required documentation to defective and deliberately counterfeited parts.Under FAA regulations, all aircraft UNAPPROVED PARTS: parts manufactured without FAA approval (specifically FARs Part 21.305 or repaired under the terms of Part 43) are unapproved parts. This catchall classification includes counterfeit parts, stolen parts, production overruns sold without authorization, parts in exceedance of their time limits, approved parts improperly returned to service, and fraudulently marked parts, or parts which have no traceability. COUNTERFEIT PARTS: Parts made of inferior properties. APPROVED PARTS: production standards (FAR 21.305). They can be approved under a Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA), under Technical Standard Orders (TSOS), in conjunction with typecertification procedures through FAA administration approval, or by conforming to recognized Industry specifications. LIFE-LIMITED AND TIME-EXPIRED PARTS: Aircraft parts that have predetermined service lives become timed out and no longer serviceable after exceeding these prescribed limits. Illegal use of scrapped, time-expired critical parts, which do not have to be destroyed prior to disposal or sale as scrap, has been linked to several fatal aircraft accidents. APPROVED MANUFACTURER There few things an orgnanisation must look in before making parts order. This is to prevent from making order from fake manufacturer. The organisation must make sure the part from the manufacturer is approved by FAA or EASA under 14 CFR Part 21 and EASA Part 21. An approved part manufacturer must be certified as FAA-PMA (FAA-Part Manufacturer Approval) or EASA Production Organisation Approval (POA). According to the FAA web page under Suspected Unapproved Part (SUP) Program (FAA, updated 19 December 2008), the buyer or any organization who want to order parts can refer all the current approved PMA from the FAA database. According to CAA CAAIP Part 1 Leaflet 1-6 (2006:1), unapproved aircraft parts or materials classified if: Parts or materials not conform to an approved type design. Parts or materials fail to conform to declared specification or accepted industry standard (standard parts). Parts or materials marked by unauthorised source with false documentation. Parts not been maintain, overhauled or repaired in accordance with the requirements of approved airworthiness data and/or statutory requirements, or by persons not authorised to perform and certify those functions. Parts that directly shipped to the end user by manufacturers, suppliers or distributors who do not hold appropriate production approvals and not been authorised to make the direct shipment to user by Type Certificates holder. While for an approved parts buyer were advised and recommended to follow the minimum procedures prior to place any order of aircraft parts which According to FAA Advisory Circular AC 21-29C (2008:1) has mentioned the term of approved parts are produced in accordance with the means outlined in Part 21. The procedures that the buyer needs to follow are as below. Identify the distributors and/or suppliers including their documentation system and receiving inspection system meet the traceability of parts to an FAA approved source. Evaluate and cross-checked to unfamiliar distributors and/or suppliers in order to prevent from putting the aircraft parts into risk condition. Identify the significant reduce of price than the priced quoted by other distributors and/or suppliers of the same part. Identify the delivery schedule offered to other distributors and/or suppliers (when the stock of a like item is exhausted). Usually the bogus manufacturer offer shorter delivery. Sales quotes or discussions from unidentified distributors that create the perception that an unlimited supply of parts, components, or material is available to the end user. A bogus distributor and/or suppliers inability to provide substantiating documentation that the part was produced in accordance to an FAA approval, or inspected, repaired, overhauled, preserved, or altered in accordance with the CFR. Any parts, components or appliances that need to be released must has come with Statement of Conformity or Authorised Release Document which signed and stamped by an authorised personnel from the approved manufacturer. Besides all the above, the approved manufacturer must also include or have Export Certificates of Airworthiness stated under 14 CFR Part 21 Subpart L Export Airworthiness Approval by releasing FAA Form 8130-3 Airworthiness Release Tag for export. Advices from the authorities, have mentioned clearly to the buyer to put extra caution on choosing the aircraft part dealers and before attempting any purchase order. On 21st January 1992 the FAA had issued an Airworthiness Directives AD 91-24-14 (Transport Airplane Directorate Designee Newsletter, 1992:10), about the incident of Pratt Whitney JT8D series turbofan engine regarding the bogus 4-1/2 bearing seal spacer found by United Airline mechanic during routine maintenance inspection. The FAA had find out that bogus spacer was contributed to engine bearing seal deterioration and cause the engine failure which can put the flight jeopardy. Therefore all the buyer and part manufacturers must be alert on recommendation of the authority in terms or avoiding bogus part or fake part to be used on aircraft. COMPONENTS DELIVERY Choosing the approved part manufacturer is one thing. The other crucial part that any organization or part manufacturers need to look into is the components delivery. Whenever order is placed, it must be distributed by the standard couriers that have good reputation in delivering goods. The organisation or part manufacturers must make sure the components distributor or courier is recommended by both parties in order to confirm the security of the components delivery. In accordance with CAAIP (2009:6) Part 1 Leaflet 1-12 The Acceptance of Aircraft Component under point 5: Distributor, the aircraft component distributors are not required to be approved by the CAA. The components distributor also cannot raise the Authorised Release Document, not required to provide any technical expertise to confirm the status of the aircraft components. So, any component received from the distributor, it is the storage department which is end user who is responsible to request the Authorised Release Document that release by approved organisation and establish the acceptability of the components itself before any installation of the part to the aircraft can be made. There is also Other thing that can happen such If the original distributor doesnt want to pass the components documents to end user, if this happened it is acceptable if another distributor endorsed the original distributors documentation according to reference number given. Authorised Release Documentation of the aircraft component is on file, Ref. No. # # # # and will be made available to the end user upon request from that end user (CAAIP Part 1 Leaflet 1-12, 2008:6) A further advice by CAA CAAIP Part 1 Leaflet 1-6 (2006:1), if the parts are delivered by direct shipment from manufacturer, it has got to have an authorisation letter by the Type Certificates holder to do so. If any parts are shipped to the end user by direct delivery from the manufacturers, who do not hold appropriate production approval, it will then be declared as bogus parts or unapproved parts. In accordance to Advisory Circular 00-56A (2002:12), the distributor must have Distributors Certification Letter in order to improve the eligibility of the aircraft parts and products for installation to type-certificated products. This organisation is part of FAA agency that works to conform and audit the quality system of the distributor accordance to FAA recommendation. By doing this, the security of the parts delivery will be achieved in order to reduce the bogus part usage. ACCEPTANCE OF PARTS Following to the store requirements, the organization must show how they going to guarantee that all the parts received are genuine (ICAT Module 10:63). For that reason the organization must ensure all the parts are from approved source that has traceability and history. In 1992, according to the bogus part cases, FAA had mentioned to the aviation communities to be alert on current issue in Aviation Maintenance Alerts (FAA, updated on 25 April 2008). The purpose of this maintenance alert is to share any information about the current maintenance experiences especially about the bogus parts usage in order to improve aeronautical product durability, reliability and safety. Now days lot of bogus parts that looks similar to original parts. So the organisation need to be alert on this kind of situation in order to make sure only approved parts are install or use on the aircraft. STORE As an approved organisation, there are two types of store must be existed which are quarantine store and bonded store. Both storage stations must be separated in order to prevent from mixing up the serviceable and unserviceable items. Further explanations of both stores are as below. Bonded store In this storage area, all the parts are ready to be installed to the aircraft and being monitored on its shelf life and eligibility. Some organisation has placed the approved parts under their own storage reference. This way is easy to keep track the parts eligibility and all the documents can be managed in a better way. If any of the parts are issued from this storage area, it is the responsibility of the mechanic or the engineer to check the parts and appropriate documents in order to confirm its airworthiness before installed to the aircraft. This maintenance practice can help reduce the bogus parts from being used. Quarantine store All new materials which have been received from the distributor must be placed in the quarantine store first, at which time the stores inspectors will check that all items are received. Below are the procedures that need to be carried out by the store inspectors. The inspector must confirm the specification and the drawing requirements. Inspector must inspect in order to ensure the goods received are free from damage or corrosion Inspector must also noticed that the items are received with sufficient time left to enable the item to be stored for a reasonable period in the case of shelf life item The store inspector must ensure the items received are accompanied by necessary airworthiness certificate When all these procedure has been carried out and the store inspectors are satisfied, that the incoming spares are fully airworthy they will then produce a good receipt number to the item for company internal identification and traceability. All items with the serviceable tag are sent to the bonded store. Parts which are considered to be airworthy will stay in quarantine store until instructions are received for their handling. INDENTIFY AND HANDLING BOGUS PARTS According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) system surveillance and analysis division, every organisation or distributor should create procedures before purchasing parts in order to found qualified suppliers authorized to make or move FAA approved parts. The following criteria can help identify and screen out potential SUPs suppliers: 1. Lowball prices if the price quoted or advertised is significantly lower than the price from other suppliers of the same part; 2. Suspiciously fast service if the delivery schedule for an out-of-stock part is significantly shorter than from others; 3. Data shortage if the supplier seems unable or unwilling to substantiate conformity of the part; 4. Papertrail shortage if the supplier seems slow, or unable to document FAA approval for the part. If any of these types of situations arise, organization or distributor should: Inspect product containers for damage, another suppliers name, or no markings at all; Crosscheck purchase orders with the delivery receipts for proper part number or component history card; Develop a system for tracking the shelf or service life of parts so as not to inadvertently use a part with an expired life limit; Verify that part identification markings arent altered or otherwise tampered with things like a serial number stamped over, an improper label, a missing label or a serial number stamped at a spot different than usual; Inspect parts for visual defects or abnormalities, such as altered or unusual surface finishes, the absence of, or variation in, required plating, any evidence of prior use, new paint, old scratches, pitting, corrosion or any sign of an attempted repair; Audit your supplier to ensure they establish and maintain the quality requirements specified in the purchase order. The CAA and FAA will exchange this report and work together in order to trace the unapproved manufacturers. This report will support the users to be more concern about the non-genuine parts besides helping the authorities to prevent from the non-genuine parts to be installed or used for aircraft. FAA RULES AND REGULATIONS. 1. FAA Part 21 Section L Export Airworthiness Approval This approval is issued for new or used aircraft manufactured according to Subpart F and G meet the airworthiness requirements outlined in Subpart H. An export airworthiness approval for an aircraft is issued in the form of an export certificate of airworthiness. This certificate does not authorize operation of that aircraft. The FAA prescribes the form and manner in which an export airworthiness approval for an aircraft engine, propeller, or article is issued. Under this subpart also provide the responsibilities for the exporters which all documents specified must be forwarded to the country or jurisdiction. The products and articles must pack and preserve as necessary in order to protect it against corrosion and damage during transit or storage and also must be in effective state on duration of delivery. 2. Advisory Circular 00-56A: Voluntary Industry Distributor Accreditation Program This advisory circular provides information about the system of accreditation of civil aircraft parts distributors by the FAA. The information in this AC has been revised in order to meet current changes in regulatory requirements and industry practices thus to improve the ability of certificated person to establish the eligibility of parts and products for installation on type-certificated products. Under this AC also provide the guideline for the aircraft parts distributors to be accredited thus reducing the problem of non-genuine aircraft parts in delivery system. All the accredited distributors will be given a certification letter or certificate approved by Accreditation Organisation. 3. Electronic use of the Authorised Release Certificate, FAA Form 8130-3, Airworthiness Approval Tag According to FAA Order 8130.21G (2009:5-1), under this topic the FAA provide guidance on acceptance and use of the electronic exchange FAA Form 8130-3 use of such electronic documentation for aircraft products and articles. This electronic FAA Form 8130-3 and other corresponding EASA and TCCA forms offer several advantages over the current paper format. FAA also provides information in procedures for use of this electronic 8130-3 Form. The authorised person must follow all the guidelines and notify their geographic FAA office before implementing the electronic form according to chapter 2, 3 and 4 of this order. Basically the issuances of the form must be in paper format in accordance with the appropriate chapter of this order. This order also provides sample of the necessary electronic 8130-3 Form as attached in the appendix. CONCLUSION Even though many preventive actions has been taken by the authorities to remind part manufacturers and aircraft companies how dangerous bogus parts are, but still there are a lot of non genuine parts being sold in the market. It is not only the part manufacturers fault, but as well as the aircraft company, who is trying to cut down cost on maintenance services due to the economy problem. As a result they decided to buy bogus or non genuine parts from the part manufacturer. So, are all the aircraft in the world are saved to travel with? Are the passengers lives or safety comes first? Or are the only thing they can think of is about losing money on using genuine aircraft parts.

The Lives of the Inuit Essay -- World Civilization

When you mention Alaska and the Arctic Circle, one envisions igloos, dog sleds, and invariably, Eskimos. However, little do most know, that what most refer to as Eskimos is actually a generalization representing three distinct groups. In order to understand the societies that live in this region and acknowledge their cultural differences we must explore the different groups that inhabit this region of which there are two: the Inuit, and the Yupik. For the purposes of this discussion we will focus on the lives of the Inuit. The Inuit are a group of people often mischaracterized as Eskimos. They lived in the area of central and northeastern Canada and Greenland. There has been much discussion of the orignination of this group of people but the most recognized theory is that they crossed from northern Asia across thin bridge of land over the Bering Strait sometime around 6000-2000 BC. Many people mistakenly think that the Inuit and Native Americans are one in the same. It seems that the Inuit most likely came from Asia more likely than the Native Americans. Although both probably came to the Americas through the Bering Strait. Biological, cultural and dialect differences show the different origin. Much of this theory is supported due to the close resemblance of the Inuit to the Mongoloid races of Eastern Asia. Because of the harsh land and climate of the Arctic, this area was probably one of the last regions to be inhabite d making the Inuit on of the earth’s younger cultures. A large portion of the Inuit culture was developed based upon the need to survive. Migratory societies such as the Inuit were driven by the need for food to feed its members, by the availability of trade to secure resources not normally available ... ...ith many fluctuations in prices due to fashion trends, especially in Europe. With the growth of the animal rights movement in the 1960s, fur prices decreased to the point that the industry was only barely sustainable. At the same time, the HBC trading posts had morphed into retail stores, and were doing a different kind of business across the North. They exist today as the Northern Store in the communities, a sort of grocery plus department store. Works Cited Jones, J. Sidney. (2012). Inuit, . Retrieved March 11, 2012, from http://www.everyculture.com The Inuit Culture. (2009). Retrieved March 10, 2012, from http://www.mythicjourneys.org Frederic V. Grunfeld (Ed.), Oker: Spiele der Welt II. (in German) Fischer, Frankfurt/M 1984. ISBN 3-596-23075-6 Pulaarvik Friendship Kablu Centre (2007). Retrieved March 7,2012, from http://www.pulaarvik.ca